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The weblog of Tony Morris

# Debut with a Catamorphism

Posted on December 2, 2009, in Health, Programming

Hello everyone,

Many of you know I have been battling health problems for the last 2 years subsequent to a sporting injury. After a total of six surgical procedures, my most recent about 3 weeks ago, I am glad to be almost completely cured. Today I lodged a formal complaint to the Medical Health Board of Queensland against six doctors (coincidentally, the same number of operations – there were a total of 19 doctors mentioned).

As a result of the aforementioned, I haven’t written in a while, so I plan to return to my usual from now on.

I thought I’d write a little about a pervasive problem on the Scala mailing lists. Specifically, the misunderstanding of the purpose of static typing. Of course, there will always be lots of myths and proponents willing to ensure their survival, however, I am a strong believer that education is the only means by which we can advance the software development industry, despite the task often appearing insurmountable (ala Scala mailing list).

Some discussions recently on the Scala mailing list include the relationship between scala.Option data type and null and another discussion about documentation and types that are once-inhabited such as forall a b c. (a -> b) -> (b -> c) -> a -> c

I thought I’d propose a small piece of code and leave any potential insights unstated so as not to destroy anything for the observer. There is a Haskell version toward the end.

I propose the following data type:

trait MyOption[+A] {
// single abstract method
def cata[X](some: A => X, none: => X): X
}

Astute observers will notice that the cata method is similar to a combination of the map and getOrElse methods on scala.Option. This topic has also arisen on the Scala mailing list in the past. In other words, I could have written this:

trait MyOption[+A] {
// two abstract methods
def map[X](f: A => X): MyOption[X]
def getOrElse[AA >: A](a: => AA): AA
}

…and I’d have a data structure that is exactly the same as the previous one. What may not be obvious is that MyOption is also exactly the same as scala.Option. The correct term for “exactly the same” is isomorphic. Yes, this is despite not using case classes or subclasses – coincidentally, another area where much mythology is prevalent.

I could also write construction functions that are akin to scala.None and scala.Some:

object MyOption {
def none[A] = new MyOption[A] {
def cata[X](s: A => X, n: => X) = n
}

def some[A](a: A) = new MyOption[A] {
def cata[X](s: A => X, n: => X) = s(a)
}
}

As an exercise, I propose filling out the Option API, however, using the single abstract method cata and the none/some constructor functions for additional convenience. I promise you it can be done and that anything scala.Option can do, MyOption can do also (and vice versa), since they are isomorphic.

trait MyOption[+A] {
// single abstract method
def cata[X](some: A => X, none: => X): X

def map[B](f: A => B): MyOption[B] = error("todo")

def flatMap[B](f: A => MyOption[B]): MyOption[B] = error("todo")

def getOrElse[AA >: A](e: => AA): AA = error("todo")

def filter(p: A => Boolean): MyOption[A] = error("todo")

def foreach(f: A => Unit): Unit = error("todo")

def isDefined: Boolean = error("todo")

def isEmpty: Boolean = error("todo")

// WARNING: not defined for None
def get: A = error("todo")

def orElse[AA >: A](o: MyOption[AA]): MyOption[AA] = error("todo")

def toLeft[X](right: => X): Either[A, X] = error("todo")

def toRight[X](left: => X): Either[X, A] = error("todo")

def toList: List[A] = error("todo")

def iterator: Iterator[A] = error("todo")
}

object MyOption {
def none[A] = new MyOption[A] {
def cata[X](s: A => X, n: => X) = n
}

def some[A](a: A) = new MyOption[A] {
def cata[X](s: A => X, n: => X) = s(a)
}
}

If you get stuck, the answer is base-64 encoded below, however, I encourage you to follow the types and to the extent that there may be ambiguity, follow the existing Scala API specification for scala.Option. If need be, please ask questions. Best of luck!

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{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes #-}

-- Data.Maybe
newtype Option a = Option { cata :: forall x. (a -> x) -> x -> x }

-- Just
some :: a -> Option a
some a = Option (\s _ -> s a)

-- Nothing
none :: Option a
none = Option (const id)

-- fmap
map' :: (a -> b) -> Option a -> Option b
map' f m = error "todo"

-- (>>=)
flatMap :: (a -> Option b) -> Option a -> Option b
flatMap f m = error "todo"

-- fromMaybe
getOrElse :: Option a -> a -> a
getOrElse = error "todo"

filter :: Option a -> (a -> Bool) -> Option a
filter m p = error "todo"

-- mapM_
foreach :: Option a -> (a -> IO ()) -> IO ()
foreach m f = error "todo"

-- isJust
isDefined :: Option a -> Bool
isDefined m = error "todo"

-- isNothing
isEmpty :: Option a -> Bool
isEmpty m = error "todo"

-- WARNING: not defined for None
-- fromJust
get :: Option a -> a
get m = error "todo"

-- mplus
orElse :: Option a -> Option a -> Option a
orElse m n = error "todo"

toLeft :: Option a -> x -> Either a x
toLeft m x = error "todo"

toRight :: Option a -> x -> Either x a
toRight m x = error "todo"

-- maybeToList
toList :: Option a -> [a]
toList m = error "todo"

iterator = error "bzzt. This is Haskell silly."
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