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The weblog of Tony Morris

# Idempotence versus Referential Transparency

Posted on July 5, 2007, in Programming

There is a lot of misunderstanding about the difference between idempotence and referential transparency. My plan here, is to explain the key differences without going into any specific detail about either concept. I plan to write something about referential transparency in the future and when I do, I will refer here to dispel any myths regarding idempotence.

I will assume that my reader is roughly familiar with the concept of referential transparency, but not necessarily its implications (since there are many), even though some clearly demonstrate a lack of understanding of this concept, strangely accusing others of same (go figure?) and even trying to proclaim that Java has higher-kinds while suggesting that others do not understand Java’s (mediocre) type system. Ignorance is bliss and all that, anyway on with the story…

Here is a fact; all idempotent functions are also referentially transparent, but not necessarily the other way around. Let us express this fact by other means; a referentially transparent function is not necessarily idempotent, because it is (only) possibly idempotent.

Idempotence can be easily written as follows. A function (f) is idempotent if the following property holds:

f o f = f

That’s all there is to it. Since many of my audience are Java programmers, I will appeal to their potential misunderstanding here and elaborate. The o symbol means function composition. The statement can be read as “the function f composed with the function f is equivalent to (just) f”.

Function composition comes about by… well composing functions. Suppose a function (f) that accepts a type Y and returns a type Z and another function (g) that accepts a type X and a type Y that returns another function that accepts a type X and returns a type Z. We express this as f o g.

Here is an example in the favourite programming language of some:

class Foo {
static String f(int i) {
return Integer.toString(i);
}

static int g(char c) {
return c + 7;
}

static String composeFG(char c) {
return f(g(c));
}
}

Easy Peasey right? In my statement above, the type X is char, Y is int and Z is String. Function composition is written in Java as f(g(a)). Back to the definition of idempotence, which states (in Java syntax), that f(f(a)) is equivalent to f(a). Clearly we see that f must at least have the same type in its argument and return type in order to satisfy idempotence. This means that our previous example has no idempotent functions, however, they were all referentially transparent. Furthermore, a function that is referentially transparent and having the same type in its argument and return type is not necessarily idempotent. A counter-example is easily produced:

class Bar {
return i + 1;
}
}

Since there exists at least one (in fact, all in this case) arg for add1(add1(arg)) such that it is not equivalent to add1(arg), then add1 is not idempotent. For example, add1(add1(7)) is not equivalent to add1(7), clearly.

Here are some insights. Adhering with my naming convention, suppose the function add0. Guess what? It is idempotent. Also, multiply1 is idempotent. Every single function on this web page is referentially transparent, but only the two aforementioned hypothetical functions are idempotent.

We might write this using logic as follows for add0

∀ n | n ∈ Z. n + 0 = n

For all n such that n is an element of the set of integers, n + 0 = n [is a true statement].

…and for multiply1

∀ n | n ∈ Z. n * 1 = n

For all n such that n is an element of the set of integers, n * 1 = n [is a true statement].

For completeness, here is an actual idempotent function with the added twist of a polymorphic type parameter (generic parameter in Java speak):

class Baz {
static <t> T identity(T t) {
return t;
}
}

I hope this clears some things up :)